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Shizi (book)
The ''Shizi'' is an eclectic Chinese classic written by Shi Jiao 尸佼 (c. 390-330 BCE), and the earliest text from Chinese philosophical school of ''Zajia'' 雜家 "Syncretism", which combined ideas from the Hundred Schools of Thought, including Confucianism, Daoism, Mohism, and Legalism. The ''Shizi'' text was written c. 330 BCE in twenty sections, and was well-known from the Han dynasty (206 BCE-220 CE) until the Song dynasty (960-1279) when all copies were lost. Scholars during the Ming (1368-1644) and Qing (1644-1911) dynasties reconstructed the ''Shizi'' from quotes in numerous sources, yet only about 15 percent of the original text was recovered and now extant. Western sinology has largely ignored the ''Shizi'' and it was one of the last Chinese classics to be translated into English (Fischer 2012).
==Authorship==
Little is known about Shi Jiao or Shizi "Master Shi" except for references to his eponymous text. He was probably from the Warring States period state of Jin (modern Shanxi), and employed by the Legalist statesman Shang Yang (390-338 BCE), the chief minister of Qin (modern Shanxi) for Duke Xiao. When Duke Xiao died in 338 BCE, his successor King Huiwen ordered Shang Yang to be executed by dismemberment and his entire family to be exterminated. Shi Jiao fled to the state of Shu (modern Sichuan), where he wrote the ''Shizi'' in 20 sections totaling over 60,000 Chinese characters, and subsequently died.
The Chinese surname Shi is commonly written 石 "stone", 史 "history", 師 "teacher", 時 "time", or 士 "scholar" – but hardly ever written ''shi'' "corpse; ceremonial 'personator' of a dead person". Besides Shi Jiao, there are few examples other than Shi Cong 尸聰 and Shi Bo 尸帛, who served Yongle Emperor (r. 1402-1424) (''Hanyu Da Zidian'' 1984:964). The given name Jiao or Xiao can be pronounced ''jiǎo'' "handsome; beautiful; excellent", ''jiāo'' "associate; have intercourse with", or ''xiáo'' "imitate; false". Although Tang dynasty scholar Sima Zhen first noted the ''jiǎo'' 佼 in Shi Jiao was pronounced like ''jiǎo'' 絞 "twisted" (Fischer 2012:3380), some sources (e.g., Makeham 1994:263) misspell his name as "Shi Xiao".
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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